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the object contended for

  • 1 certamen

    certāmen, ĭnis, n. [id.], a contest, struggle, strife, whether friendly or hostile, physical or intellectual; most freq. of a pugilistic contest of any kind; but also of contention in war.
    I.
    A contest, struggle in games or otherwise.
    A.
    Lit.:

    videmusne apud quos eorum ludorum, qui gymnici nominantur, magnus honos sit, nullum ab iis, qui in id certamen descendant, devitari dolorem?

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62; cf. id. de Or. 2, 78, 317:

    Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri,

    Verg. A. 5, 603; cf. Ov. M. 1, 446:

    luctandi,

    Quint. 12, 2, 12:

    saliendi,

    id. 10, 3, 6:

    citharoedorum,

    id. 4, 1, 2:

    sacra,

    id. 2, 8, 7 Spald.:

    quinquennale triplex, musicum, gymnicum, equestre,

    Suet. Ner. 12; cf. id. Vit. 4; id. Dom. 4:

    bijugum,

    Verg. A. 5, 144:

    quadrigarum,

    Suet. Claud. 21:

    pedum,

    Ov. M. 12, 304:

    cursus,

    id. ib. 7, 792;

    10, 560: disci,

    id. ib. 10, 177:

    Veneris,

    id. Am. 2, 10, 29 et saep.—
    2.
    Meton., poet., the object contended for, the prize, Ov. M. 13, 129:

    pecoris magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo,

    Verg. G. 2, 530 Heyne.—
    B.
    Trop., a rivalry, contest, struggle, emulation, etc.:

    certamen honestum (Stoicorum et Peripateticorum),

    Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68:

    est mihi tecum pro aris et focis certamen,

    id. N. D. 3, 40, 94:

    est alicui certamen cum aliquo de principatu,

    Nep. Them. 6, 3: certamen honoris et gloriae. Cic. Lael. 10, 34; cf. id. Off. 1, 12, 38; Sall. J. 41, 2; Quint. 10, 5, 5:

    bona ratio cum perditā confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac proelio,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

    pugna forensium certaminum,

    id. 5, 12, 22:

    eloquentiae inter juvenes,

    Quint. 2, 17, 8:

    verborum linguaeque,

    Liv. 10, 22, 6:

    laboris ac periculi,

    id. 28, 19, 14:

    amicitiae, benevolentiae,

    id. 37, 53, 7:

    bonae artis ac virtutis,

    id. 37, 54, 19:

    irarum,

    id. 1, 7, 2; cf. id. 3, 39, 3:

    conferendi (pecuniam),

    id. 4, 60, 8:

    patrum animos certamen regni ac cupido versabat,

    id. 1, 17, 1; cf. id. 21, 31, 6:

    leti (inter mulieres Indas),

    Prop. 3 (4), 13, 19:

    diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute animi, etc.,

    Sall. C. 1, 5; cf. Tib. 4, 1, 37.—Rarely with gen. of adversary:

    si in virtutis certamen venerint ( = cum virtute),

    Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71 Madv. ad loc.— Poet.:

    mite vini,

    a drinking bout, Tib. 3, 6, 11.—Also poet.: certamina ponere, syn. with certamina instituere = agôna protithenai, to order, arrange a fight or contest, Verg. A. 5, 66; 8, 639; cf. id. G. 2, 530 Wagn.—Of inanimate things:

    Arboribusque datumst variis exinde per auras Crescendi magnum inmissis certamen habenis,

    Lucr. 5, 787.—
    II. A.
    Subject. (diff. from the objective; cf.:

    proeliam, pugna, bellum, etc.): horrida Romuleum certamina pango duellum,

    Enn. Ann. 1, 1; 1, 476; 2, 6; 5, 1295; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Lucr. 4, 844; Ov. M. 12, 180; Liv. 36, 19, 13:

    aeterno certamine proelia pugnasque edere,

    Lucr. 2, 117:

    fit proelium acri certamine,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; cf.:

    proelii certamen,

    id. B. Alex. 16:

    certamine,

    with zeal, emulously, earnestly, Verg. A. 5, 197; Curt. [p. 320] 9, 4; Sil. 10, 536; cf.:

    nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,

    not severe, Liv. 21, 60, 7. —
    B.
    Object., = proelium, pugna, etc.:

    vario certamine pugnatum est,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

    erat in celeritate omne positum certamen, utri, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 70:

    bella atque certamina,

    Sall. C. 33, 5:

    ubi res ad certamen venit,

    id. J. 13, 4:

    in certamine ipso,

    Liv. 2, 44, 11:

    navalia,

    a naval engagement, sea-fight, id. 31, 14, 4:

    classicum,

    Vell. 2, 85, 2:

    saevit medio in certamine Mavors,

    Verg. A. 8, 700 et saep.—Hence.
    C.
    In the postAug. histt. for war in gen., Flor. 1, 20; Eutr. 1, 16; Just. 7, 2, 6; 7, 6, 6.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > certamen

  • 2 pugno

    pugno, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and very rarely a. [root pug-, to thrust, strike, whence pugil, pungo, etc.], to fight, either singly or in armies, to combat, give battle, engage, contend (very freq. and class.).
    I.
    Lit.:

    neque sinistrā impeditā satis commode pugnare poterant,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

    scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore pugnare,

    id. ib. 1, 25:

    eminus lapidibus,

    Sall. J. 57, 4:

    cominus in acie,

    Cic. Balb. 9, 23:

    ex equo,

    on horseback, id. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

    de loco, Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 33: de ponte,

    Hirt. B. Afr. 33:

    pro muro toto,

    id. ib. 13:

    ex iniquiore loco,

    id. ib. 42:

    pro commodis patriae,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 1, 1 al. —With cum and abl.:

    elige, cum cive an hoste pugnare malis,

    Liv. 10, 36, 8:

    cum hoste in acie,

    Cic. Balb. 9, 22.—With in and acc.:

    ne quis extra ordinem in hostem pugnaret,

    Liv. 8, 6, 16:

    in hostem imparem ex aequo pugnabant,

    id. 10, 43, 6:

    qui contra imperium in hostem pugnaverant,

    Sall. C. 9, 4; 52, 30.—With adversum and acc.:

    saepe ante paucis strenuis advorsum multitudinem bene pugnatum,

    Sall. J. 107, 1:

    advorsum Gallos,

    id. ib. 114, 1.—With a homogeneous object: magnam pugnavimu' pugnam, Lucil. ap. Don. Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 60; cf.:

    haec pugna est pugnata,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97:

    pugna summā contentione pugnata,

    Cic. Mur. 16, 34; Nep. Hann. 5, 1: inclitam in ponte pugnam... pugnatam, Liv. 6, 42, 5:

    proelia,

    Hor. C. 4, 9, 19; Sall. J. 54, 7:

    bella,

    Hor. C. 3, 19, 4; id. Ep. 1, 16, 25.— Impers. pass.:

    pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis,

    the battle is fought, they fight, Caes. B. G. 7, 84:

    cominus gladiis pugnatum est,

    id. ib. 1, 52:

    ut in mari quoque pugnetur velut e muris,

    Plin. 32, 1, 1, § 3.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    In gen., to contend, conflict, disagree, oppose, contradict; usu. with dat. of person, or with cum:

    pugnant Stoici cum Peripateticis,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68. —With acc. and inf.:

    pugnare non destitit, non esse rerum controversiam, sed nominum,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 41:

    non magno opere pugnare,

    to contend not very strongly, id. N. D. 3, 1, 3:

    noli pugnare duobus,

    Cat. 62, 64:

    ne cupias pugnare puellae,

    Prop. 1, 12 (10), 21; cf.:

    placitone etiam pugnabis amori?

    Verg. A. 4, 38:

    pressis pugnat habenis,

    id. ib. 11, 600:

    ne pugnet vulgus habenis,

    Stat. Th. 8, 289:

    tam eras excors, ut totā in oratione tuā tecum ipse pugnares,

    you contradicted yourself, Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18. —Of things:

    pugnat sententia secum,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 97:

    pugnavit monitis furor,

    Sil. 10, 284:

    pugnatura fretis pila,

    id. 4, 298: frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, Mollia cum duris, etc., cold bodies contended with hot, moist with dry, etc., Ov. M. 1, 19: humus, Petr. poët. Sat. 123.—
    B.
    To struggle, strive, to endeavor, take pains, exert one's self for any thing (rare but class.):

    illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3:

    id ne impetremus, pugnabis,

    id. Lig. 5, 13; cf.:

    hoc solum hoc tempore pugnatur, ut, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 3, 8:

    pugnas, ne reddar, Achille,

    Ov. H. 3, 25 Ruhnk.:

    pugnaremque collegae, ut, etc.,

    Liv. 3, 64.— Poet., with inf.:

    pugnat molles evincere somnos,

    Ov. M. 1, 685; 7, 772; id. H. 13, 77:

    incerto pedum pugnat non stare tumultu,

    Luc. 4, 753; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 196; cf.

    , of things,

    Lucr. 2, 205.—P. a. as subst.: pugnan-tĭa, ium, n., contradictions, inconsistencies:

    pugnantia te loqui non vides?

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 7, 13; cf. Hor. S. 1, 2, 73; 1, 1, 102.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > pugno

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